Vitamin B3 is the most versatile ingredient that is needed by all skin types and conditions. While research is ongoing to uncover additional properties of vitamin B3, a number of clinical tests have already been conducted. Further, a clinical test was conducted by the Department of Life Science at the University of Seoul. The study found that cells which were exposed to vitamin B3 endured less oxidative damage, results that are consistent with an antioxidant. And, studies have also shown that niacinamide may be useful in increasing skin’s elasticity as well as in the treatment of wrinkles. Ceramides, is a moisturizer that replenishes the lipid or oily matrix of the skin's outer layer — the stratum corneum, Ceramides, composed of fatty acids and sphingosine, are critical to the barrier properties of the skin, preventing the entrance of harmful chemicals, toxins, and bacteria, and limiting loss of water and nutrients.